September 28, 1999, Whittier, California
Part of a Forum Series to Assist Local Jurisdictions in Getting to 50%
Organized by the Southern California Council on Environment and Development
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Recycling and Reusing C&D Materials
Kelly Ingalls, Regional Director, Construction Materials Recycling Association of Southern California (CMRA), Moderator: The City of Los Angeles can provide a free C&D recycling tool kit, contact the Bureau of Sanitation (213) 847-1444. Since 1995 the City of Los Angeles has required use of CMB and recycled concrete, rather than virgin materials, in road and street work.
Recycling Concrete
Dan Copp, President of Dan Copp Crushing, Anaheim: We sell 2 million tons per year of road base made from recycled concrete, with no failures. It is equivalent to virgin aggregate and saves the state, cities and counties considerable money.
Engineering Considerations in Using Recycled Aggregate
Steve Marvin, President and Professional Engineer, LaBelle and Marvin, Santa Ana:
Recycling makes environmental and economic sense, whether you reuse the materials on site, or do recycling off site.
Recycling C&D in Los Angeles
Jerry Ellison, Bureau of Engineering, City of Los Angeles: The City Bureau of Street Services uses 90% recycled pavement in resurfacing city streets, more than any other agency in this country.
C&D Disposal, Recycling and Reclamation at Landfills and MRFs
Joe Haworth, L.A. County Sanitation Districts, Moderator.
Recycling and Reclamation at Nu-Way Landfill
John Workman, Waste Management (District Manager for Nu-Way Landfill, Irwindale): We accept both recyclable and non-recyclable inert construction materials. Non-recyclable loads are used for land reclamation. Recyclable concrete is crushed and sold as Class 2 Base material.
The Economics of C&D Recycling
Joe Sloan, Director of Market Development, Consolidated Disposal Services: The impediments to recycling are high land costs for recycling facilities and low tipping fees. In states where tipping fees are over $50 per ton, there is no C&D waste going to landfills.
Running a C&D Recycling Facility
John Richardson, Vice President and General Manager, Community Recycling: We put in equipment to recover dirt, wood, concrete and metal out of the C&D loads. We recycle just about everything except pieces of brick.
Report from the CIWMB on C&D Recycling Statewide
Senator David Roberti, Member of the CIWMB: The Board is working with developers, educating building professionals, posting local construction ordinances on our website, making loans in recycling market development zone program (RMDZ) and developing a reference manual. Several important bills also passed this session.
Tour of Sanitation District’s Pilot Project on C&D Recycling
Joe Houghton, L.A. County Sanitation Districts: We are doing a pilot project to use C&D waste as part of our ADC. We have found that mixing the ground up C&D with ground up greenwaste decreases the offensive odor and emphasizes a pine tree type of smell.
Welcome
Kathleen Gildred, Executive Director, SCCED:
We welcome you here today. SCCED has been working since 1993 to educate people towards sustainability. In June 1998, we had a very successful conference called “Getting to 50%” to inform people about ways to meet the 50% diversion goal. Since then we have had a series of forums on key topics, including Commercial Diversion and Multi-family Recycling, plus providing Southern California input into the CIWMB future planning process. Summaries from these meetings have been posted on our website at www.scced.org. We will have an upcoming forum on December 1 on Recycling Organics, as well as a “Take It Back” waste strategies conference, February 28 – March 1, 2000.
Recycling and Reusing C&D Materials
Kelly Ingalls, Regional Director, Construction Materials Recycling Association of Southern California (CMRA), Moderator:
We have just established the first local chapter in the USA of CMRA, which is a group of stakeholders interested in promoting C&D as a new industry standard. We hold quarterly meetings on the first Wednesday of the month. The next meeting will be Oct. 6 on wood recycling with a presentation on Canfibre by David Saltman and others. Please sign up for our mailing list by calling 818-548-8996 or sending an email to kmibldg@earthlink,net.
The City of Los Angeles has a C&D recycling tool kit available for free, contact the Bureau of Sanitation (213) 847-1444.. It lists where can you buy recycled materials. Since 1995 the City of Los Angeles has required use of recycled crushed miscellaneous base (CMB) and recycled concrete rather than virgin materials in road and street work. We see CMB as equivalent to Caltrans Class 2. However, many other localities do not allow the use of CMB.
Recycling Concrete
Dan Copp, President of Dan Copp Crushing, Anaheim:
We have been crushing used C&D materials since 1978 for recycled road base. We have 14 sites, plus we do on-site crushing using 4 portable crushing plants. Each plant is fully permitted with the local Air Quality Management Districts.
We collect asphalt and concrete from highways or building demolition. Often we crush the material on site and leave it for the contractor to use in the new construction. Other contractors bring us their waste and we make it into a finished product for them or other projects.
Caltrans has the following specifications for public works construction:
• Class II Aggregate Base (CAB) (made of virgin rock or recycled materials)
• Crushed Miscellaneous Base (CMB) (made of recycled materials)
• Processed Miscellaneous Base (PMB) (made of recycled materials)
There are two spec books that are used in the industry, Caltrans Standard Specifications and the Greenbook Standard Specifications for Public Works Construction. Caltrans lists their material as Class II Aggregate per section 26. This product can be made from virgin aggregate or broken asphalt and concrete, or a combination of both. The Greenbook lists the material as Processed Miscellaneous Base (PMB) or Crushed Miscellaneous Base (CMB). Both PMB and CMB can be made from broken asphalt and concrete recycled materials.
Contractors wanted a material equivalent to crushed aggregate base CAB. Unfortunately PMB specs require an increased thickness of base material in roadway, the amount depending on the traffic index, soil base, etc. But L.A. County developed a crushed miscellaneous base (CMB) equivalent to CAB, which does not require an increased thickness.
Now we make both CMB and Class II Aggregate out of the same input materials. The Century Freeway base was built primarily of recycled materials, i.e. Class II Aggregate Base. We have crushed approximately 400,000 tons of asphalt and concrete on the Route 5 Freeway improvement. This project starts at the 22 Freeway interchange and continues northbound to the 91 Freeway interchange. There is approximately 125,000 tons remaining to crush before the project is completed.
Caltrans specs allow contractors to crush materials in the right of way. This is very cost effective because it reduces transportation costs. It costs about $10 per ton to ship, but only $3 per ton to crush it at the site, plus about $2 per ton for transportation within the job site. This also reduces the overall job cost to state and local agencies participating in the road improvement. It saves wear and congestion on the freeways hauling the material on site to a crusher stockpile as opposed to hauling off site to a recycler or inert landfill. Recycling on site also reduces congestion from hauling in from a virgin aggregate source.
Dumping C&D in the Irwindale, Sun Valley and Orange County landfills costs about $10 to 12 per ton. The savings from recycled material over virgin and the savings in tipping fees increase the further you are away from Irwindale. The price per ton includes trucking cost.
For example, at a job site in Santa Fe Springs, it costs $9.61 per ton to dump in the Irwindale Landfill, but only $4.48 per ton at my Recycling Yard in Santa Fe Springs, for a savings of $5.13 per ton. You can purchase virgin base at the Irwindale quarry for $10.96 per ton, while I charge only $6.04 per ton for equivalent recycled base, a savings of $4.92 per ton. All prices include trucking cost.
For a job site in Torrance, the hauling plus landfill tipping fee totals $14.12 per ton, while it costs only $6.54 per ton hauling and tipping fee at my recycling yard in Long Beach, a savings of $7.58 per ton. To purchase virgin base at an Irwindale quarry costs $13.54 per ton, including hauling, but only $6.97 per ton at my Long Beach Recycling Yard, a savings of $6.57 per ton.
Every incoming load is inspected, processed, and source separated. If it has dirt, grass or trash, we will not accept it, and you will have to take it to land fills. Some rebar is ok, but not steel spaghetti or bridge girders. We will also not take reinforced concrete pipe. Our quality control is high and it begins at the inspection prior to accepting the material.
Normally the color of our material is dark due to the content of crushed asphalt, but color does not indicate it is dirty.
The majority of agencies check the quality of the material as delivered at the job site. This method assures they are receiving quality material on the job.
We sell 2 million tons per year, with no failures in the materials we ship. The savings are considerable to the state, cities and counties.
Engineering Considerations in Using Recycled Aggregate
Steve Marvin, President and Professional Engineer, LaBelle and Marvin, Santa Ana:
In constructing highways, we have the choice to use new material from quarries, or to reuse old materials.
In uating materials, we know the quarries have a consistent product. We call this new aggregate base CAB (Crushed Aggregate Base). For material reuse, each load has to be inspected to maintain quality equivalent to new material. Sources of old material include:
• Old Aggregate Base
• Old Portland Cement Concrete from airfield and highway pavements, bridges and buildings
• Old Asphalt Concrete from airfield and highway pavements
From these sources, we can make:
• Crushed Miscellaneous Base (CMB)
• Processed Miscellaneous Base (PMB)
• “Class 2” Aggregate Base
In making asphalt concrete, currently suppliers can use up to 15% maximum reused material without specific testing, or greater than 15% with testing.
Caltrans standard specifications for public works construction include:
SE = sand equivalent (how much dirt is in it)
CV = cleanness value
LA Rattler = an abrasion test
SG = specific gravity
Dur = durability index
R = R Value, a measure of the strength of the material
| Material | SE | CV | LA Rattler | SG | Dur | R |
| PCC (Portland Cement Concrete) | 75/70% | 75% | 45/52 (Max) | 2.58 | 60 | N/A |
| AC (Asphalt Concrete) | 45/50% | – | 50/52 | – | – | – |
| CAB (Crushed Aggregate Base) | 50% | – | 52 (Max) | 2.58 | 40 | 80 |
| CMB (Crushed Miscellaneous Base) | 35% | – | 52 (Max) | – | 40 | 80 |
| PMB (Processed Miscellaneous Base) | 30 | – | 52 (Max) | – | – | 78 |
| Class 2 Aggregate Base | 25 | – | – | – | 35 | 78 |
The Caltrans prevailing highway design procedure calls for the thickness (T) of the support layer to be based on the R Value strength of the support layer (R) and the index of traffic use (TI) using the following formula:
T = (0.0032) (100 – R) (TI)
Potential pitfalls in reused material come from contaminants, such as:
• Subgrade soils (from previous failure and distortion or excavation procedures)
• Reinforcing steel (rebar)
• Mis-handling at the recycling plant
In summary, recycling makes environmental and economic sense, whether you crush and reuse the materials on site, or do recycling off site. When quality control is used for both new and reused materials, it works well.
Recycling C&D in Los Angeles
Jerry Ellison, Bureau of Engineering, City of Los Angeles:
I am a civil engineer, having worked for the City of Los Angeles for 32 years, in streets, sewers and storm drains and now in structures.
The City of Los Angeles has a policy to reduce the waste stream by reusing. recycling and buying recycled products.
The Bureau of Engineering provides design management for sewers, storm drains, streets and architectural structures. Since sewer pipes last about 100 years, we have been relining them with plastic pipe to get another 50 years. We use trenchless technology by putting in a plastic line, blowing it up to fit the pipe, and letting harden in place. We can use microtunneling for small sewers.
We are working on bridges reuse. We have 6 ornate bridges that have been declared historic and needed seismic retrofits. We peeled off the decorations and then put them back on after the retrofit.
We have using CMB on our streets since 1977, as we realized we could be running out of virgin aggregate. We are happy to use CMB or PMB.
We add recycled asphalt to virgin asphalt. Our Board requires that we recycle all asphalt from city streets, but it is impossible for us to do now. We allow up to 15% recycled asphalt. Caltrans does not allow recycled asphalt. Because the asphalts we have here don’t wear out as fast (we don’t salt our roads in winter), our asphalts are in place longer, become more brittle and don’t recycle as well. However, Caltrans is working on a new spec.
The City Bureau of Street Services uses 90% recycled pavement in resurfacing city streets, more than any other agency in this country. It has own plants in Long Beach
In building construction, we don’t really do much recycling or use of CMB, but we have transformed many structures into other uses, such as old fire stations into community centers, etc.
Questions
Q: My city engineer doesn’t want to use non-virgin materials. Do engineers put in higher R values for virgin materials?
Marvin: Most engineers use an R value of 78, 80 is as high you can go. We add a little thickness sometimes when using recycled materials.
Q: How does recycled content work with rubberized asphalt?
Ellison: Rubberized asphalt does not allow recycled content according to the “Green Book.”
Q: Can you accept Petro-Mat and Fibre-Mat?
Copp: Petro-Mat is accepted if it is in chunks of asphalt, because we can pick the slabs up off the conveyer belt and/or segregation screen manually. We will not accept asphalt grindings that contain shredded Petro-mat because it could affect the quality of our product. It is very unlikely we would ever receive Fibre-Mat because it is so closely associated with the earth, so we would not accept it.
Q: If there are not enough bridge footings to justify an on site crusher, could you stockpile them at your yard until you get enough to do them?
Copp: We have limited space at our yard. We can’t collect and store them. But we can bring in a breaker if we have 8 hours of work,
Ingalls: L.A. City put in some money to help reach 50%. Recycling of concrete has been done since 1978, it is in the Caltrans spec book. The issue is getting other localities to do it.
C&D Disposal, Recycling and Reclamation at Landfills and MRFs
Joe Haworth, L.A. County Sanitation Districts, Moderator.
Recycling and Reclamation at Nu-Way Landfill
John Workman, Waste Management (District Manager for Nu-Way Landfill, Irwindale)
In the City of Irwindale, 26% of the land is either an active or closed sand and gravel quarry. The City has a master plan to reclaim the mines for redevelopment.
The Nu-Way Landfill is a mine reclamation project. Mnoian Management, with cooperation from the City of Irwindale, planned and permitted this landfill. Our conditional use permit is stricter than our State permits. Only inert construction materials such as concrete, asphalt, brick, and dirt may be accepted. Any materials that contain significant organic material or are water soluble are not acceptable.
We accept both recyclable and non-recyclable loads. The non-recyclable loads are placed in lifts, and compacted to 90 percent density specification. Material is placed as an engineered structural fill.
Recyclable loads are processed by Dan Copp to produce a Class 2 base material. Steel reinforcements are removed from the concrete with a jaw crusher and sold to scrap dealers. The amount of material recycled is a function of the market demand.
Mine reclamation is a very productive use for inert construction materials. The controlled method of placement of materials provides a strong and stable foundation for future site development. A similar reclamation site operated by Mnoian Management is the home of the Irwindale Speedway. The Nu-Way site is planned for commercial development as a post closure use.
The Economics of C&D Recycling
Joe Sloan, Director of Market Development, Consolidated Disposal Services:
I have done economic analysis relative to AB 939 and looked at the analytical process for a hauler to go through to assess the economic viability of a C&D recycling operation.
If a transfer station or MRF is not at capacity, we could do some deck sorting of roll-off loads and C&D dumps on the tipping floor, and recover wood, ferrous materials, rock, brick, concrete and gypsum.
With the building boom in Southern California, there is more C&D activity now. Whenever you are looking at the economics of recovery, you have to look at the different waste streams. In a single stream from residential areas or commercial programs, we focus on recovering paper. We get a productivity of about 600-2000 recovered pounds per man-hour. For mixed municipal solid waste in a dirty MRF, we only recover 250-750 pounds per man-hour. We see more material, but less is recyclable.
However, with C&D we can get high labor productivity. It doesn’t take long to pull out a safe or a file cabinet. At transfer stations, 10-15% recovery can occur on the deck, pulling out wood pallets, refrigerators, car parts, etc.
The difficulty is efficient use of the investment in a facility. Most transfer stations just want to get waste straight to a landfill, because it is more efficient. So we only do C&D recycling when we have excess capacity.
The economics are simple from a hauler’s perspective: What is the tipping fee and what is the hauling cost? If the material can go to a C&D recycling site, we look at the tipping and hauling cost at the recycling site vs. the landfill. For example, do you take it to a local C&D recycling facility for $35 per ton or to Puente Hills landfill for $18 per ton tipping fee (a difference of $17 per ton. You calculate the difference in truck time, remembering it cost $60 per hour to run the truck. For example, if it takes an extra hour and a half transportation time to get to Puente Hills, that costs $90. For a 5 ton load the difference in tipping fees is $17 x 5 or $84. So the savings in recycling would be $4, and would help the municipality get toward 50% diversion.
The problem is C&D recycling sites require capital, and the nature of the construction business is boom and bust, you can’t count on a steady stream of material. Most MRFs and transfer stations cost $10-20 million to construct. There are lower margins in C&D recycling than in waste transfer and landfilling, so companies driven by Wall Street are less prone to invest in C&D recycling.
The market will drive the C&D recycling. When landfill costs increase, you will see more recycling. Now, the impediments to recycling are high land costs for recycling facilities and low tipping fees. But that will change when you see tipping fees get up to $30-35 per ton. In states where tipping fees are over $50 per ton, there is no C&D waste going to landfills.
Running a C&D Recycling Facility
John Richardson, Vice President and General Manager, Community Recycling:
Community Recycling has over 200 employees in facilities in Southern California in Sun Valley and transfer stations. We do some C&D recycling, wood receiving, produce receiving, etc. at our transfer stations. Our dirty MRFs recycle cardboard, newspaper, aluminum cans, metal, etc.
We found pulling out wood and metal off the floor was not the way to go. So in 1992 we put in equipment to recover dirt, wood, concrete and metal out of the C&D loads. After the Northridge earthquake, we had to handle a lot of different waste streams. We were able to recycle 92% of the C&D at first, when it was primarily concrete. Then the percentage dropped to the low 80s, when the loads were primarily from interior remodeling. The current percentage recycled is in the mid 70s.
We use screens to separate the material into various sizes and waste streams. The wood goes to be burned in power plants in the San Joaquin Valley and/or an MDF plant in Riverside. We separate the dirt from small rocks and organics. The organics, which are mainly leaves and small wood chips, we sell to a compost company that bags it and sells it to farmers and gardeners for growing products. We pull out bricks by hand. The rock and concrete goes to a grinding facility to become crushed miscellaneous base. We take waste gypsum from new construction and manufacturing plants, grind it by itself, separate out the paper, and sell the gypsum to farmers for soil amendment. The paper goes into the compost, which improves the compost. We recycle just about everything except pieces of brick.
We are now installing a new facility that handles 1,000 tons per day, and we can soon go to 1,500 tons per day, with feeder yards in Los Angeles.
Questions
Q: Is Nu-Way a landfill? Do you have a lawsuit with the CIWMB?
Workman: It is a mine reclamation project. It takes landfill-type materials, which are creating a good base for development. We have no lawsuit, but we are working with CIWMB to solve the issue of whether the material is classified as disposal or as a beneficial use. We are working on legislation to clarify this.
Q: Is C&D considered restricted waste in waste assessments? Does all recycling count, or is it included in the base year? Do we get a 1 for 1 credit in diversion?
A: It is disallowed in the base year, but the growth since the base year is allowed.
Q: How many shifts does it take to handle 1,000 tons per day, and what is the approximate cost per ton.
Richardson: It takes 2 shifts. I do not know the cost figures. We currently have about 6 people on the primary platform and 6 on the secondary. We increase that when big jobs come in. Recently, we ran on Saturdays and Sundays & almost added a third shift to handle a big job. We are looking for a site for another facility on the Westside. The difficulty with sites in the San Gabriel Valley is they are too close to Puente hills which is so cheap to dump in.
Report from the CIWMB on C&D Recycling Statewide
Kathleen Gildred: We want to thank Senator Roberti for being here. After being a member of the state legislature for 28 years, including President Pro Tem of the Senate for 18 years, he was appointed to the CIWMB in 1998. Following are excerpts from his talk. To see the full text of his prepared remarks, click here.
Senator David Roberti, Member of the CIWMB:
I am disappointed that the Construction, Demolition and Inert Waste regulations were not adopted by the CIWMB. However, this delay provides you with additional opportunities to tell me, the other Board members, and our staff, what could make the regulations better.
The CIWMB approach to C&D is:
1. Reduce amount of waste generated
2. Facilitate collection of reusable materials
3. Fuel the purchase of the recycled products
We want to affect the original design of buildings, reduce wastes as they are constructed and then change the ways they are retired. We encourage deconstruction rather than demolition. This can increase profits as well as save landfill space. The amount of debris generated in a demolition activity ranges from 100 to 180 pounds per square foot. The problem is few workers have the skills and tools necessary to dismantle a building so that the integrity of the materials are preserved. If workers can be trained to use efficient, economical methods to deconstruct buildings, a large quantity of construction material could be recovered.
We are working with Kaufman and Broad who are replacing 1,200 former military housing units on the former Mather Field Air Base in Sacramento with single family homes. They are working with the local redevelopment agency to have some of the houses used in a deconstruction training project. This will bring more people into workforce as well as creating a training curriculum for deconstruction technology throughout the state. In addition, they will break up old driveways to be reused for road base, driveways, curbs and gutters on site. They will also aid sustainability by recycling old tires in rubberized asphalt concrete.
We are working with professional boards that license contractors, architects, and engineers, to develop construction and demolition questions in their licensing exams. This in turn will increase the awareness of construction and demolition issues in the next generation of building professionals. It is our hope that waste prevention and recycling strategies will be incorporated in the design and production of buildings and large developments, as a matter of course.
We started recently to post local construction ordinances on our website as examples for you, including:
– The City of Cotati requires a refundable deposit which is returned after the builder shows proof of reuse or recycling. They also must advertise when salvage materials will be available.
– Sacramento requires that a recyclable collection system be built into any commercial or large residential development.
– Palo Alto requires that 25% of the generated garbage be recycled as part of the project.
I encourage you to ask the leaders in your communities to support these types of ordinances, and to develop the one which is right for your city. Recycling should be required on all projects, as we move toward a mindset that all our resources are precious and must be protected.
We are also trying to facilitate the collection of C&D waste through our recycling market development zone program (RMDZ). We have made $4.5 million in loans to C & D recycling-related businesses over the last five years. Most of these loans focused on crushing asphalt, concrete and ceramic materials, as alternatives to mined aggregate. As a result of those loans, we are diverting about 1.5 million tons of materials every year!
Other efforts by the Board include promoting sustainable or “green” building practices. These result in:
1. The creation of less waste
2. Markets for recycled-content building products
3. Lower costs over the life of the building.
Additionally, we developed a reference manual, in conjunction with the City of Los Angeles, which includes an annotated listing of recycled content building products, strategies for reusing and reducing materials in construction, and managing job site waste. It has fact sheets on subjects such as drywall recycling, asphalt pavement recycling, lumber waste recycling, carpet recycling, a list of construction and demolition recyclers and processors, a military base closure manual, and the Community Environmental Council report on the construction and demolition industry.
Relative to legislation, Senator Chesbro’s SB 515 clarifies that there would be no $1.34 fee levied on inert wastes placed at mine reclamation sites for the past and until January, 2002. Such disposal will not hurt or embellish jurisdictions’ diversion rates.
Other pertinent legislation is related to the State’s responsibility to model its commitment to buying recycled, and to design and build state offices in a “green,” or sustainable manner. Senator Sher’s SB 827 directs CalTrans to use recycled materials for road sub-base.
Assemblymember Strom-Martin’s bill, AB 75, requires that every State agency make an “integrated waste management plan,” similar to the plans required of every city. The biggest difference is that these state plans must also include their commitment to use “green building” practices.
Q: The impact of having inert fills be required for a tiered permit would mean that municipalities have to count that as going to landfills. Is there an adjustment mechanism? We are now counting 1 million tons per year of inert materials as diverted.
Roberti: My general feeling is that counting retroactively would be unfair. I think that up to 2002 there should be no counting as diversion and no fee. My philosophy is that inert land fill is still landfill. We want to have incentives to reduce waste and increase recycling. That won’t happen if you can landfill without penalty just because it is inert. The CIWMB is not a zoning agency, but we are concerned about grading and structure of landfills. What about a earthquake? Do we have liability for destruction of anything on that site because CIWMB signed off on the landfill?
Tour of Sanitation District’s Pilot Project on C&D Recycling
Joe Houghton, L.A. County Sanitation Districts:
We are doing a pilot project at the Puente Hills landfill to see if we can use C&D waste as part of our ADC. We have been using a CBI grinder for greenwaste and were told that it would also grind up C&D debris. We tried it, and found it seemed to work well, so we got a second CBI grinder to use for C&D.
We have a spotter who looks for trucks with a lot of wood and direct them to this area. First it goes through a prescreener that filters out the small particles and dirt. Then it goes on a convey belt with spotters that pull out the large pieces of metal. Then it goes into the grinder, after which it goes through another conveyor with a magnet that pulls out the metal pieces.
We have found that mixing the ground up C&D with ground up greenwaste decreases the offensive odor and emphasizes a pine tree type of smell.
We are also looking at this combination for alternate intermediate cover (AIC) which we use for areas that we are not going to use for 6 months.
We have a capacity of about 1000 tons per day of greenwaste and 100-600 tons per day for C&D. (We handle 13,000 tons per day for the entire landfill.
Q; How much greenwaste do you use for ADC?
A: We use about 12 inches for ADC and the same for AIC with about 12 inches of soil on top for vehicle traffic.
Q: Do you credit cities for ADC?
A: Yes.
Q: Do you have a reduced fee for greenwaste?
A: Yes.
Q: When Spadra landfill closes, can you handle all the greenwaste?
A: Yes, but we do not do composting (we are concerned with odors). (We have homes about 2,500 feet from our landfill.) We want other facilities to handle some of the greenwaste. We would like the cities to develop their own composting facilities.